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The verb is one of the most complex parts of Basque grammar. It is sometimes represented as a difficult challenge for learners of the language, and many Basque grammars devote most of their pages to lists or tables of verb paradigms. This article does not give a full list of verb forms; its purpose is to explain the nature and structure of the system. ==Verb stems== One of the remarkable characteristics of the Basque verb is the fact that only a very few verbs can be conjugated synthetically (i.e. have morphological finite forms); the rest only have non-finite forms, which can enter into a wide variety of compound tense structures (consisting of a non-finite verb form combined with a finite auxiliary) and are conjugated in this way (periphrastically). For example, 'I come' is ''nator'' (a synthetic finite form), but 'I arrive' is ''iristen naiz'' (a periphrastic form, literally 'arriving I-am'). Synthetically conjugated verbs like 'come' can also be conjugated periphrastically (''etortzen naiz''). In some such cases the synthetic/periphrastic contrast is semantic (e.g. ''nator'' and ''etortzen naiz'' are not generally interchangeable); in others the contrast is more a matter of style or register, or else of diachrony (some synthetic forms of conjugation are archaic or obsolete). A few synthetic forms occurring in twentieth-century Basque literature are even a posteriori extrapolations or back-formations of historically unattested forms, created for stylistic, poetic or puristic purposes. Traditionally Basque verbs are cited using a non-finite form conventionally referred to as the participle (although not all its uses are really participial). Other non-finite forms can be derived from the participle, as will be seen in a later section. When the verb possesses synthetic finite forms, these are based on an ultimate stem (called the "basic stem" here) which is normally also present in the participle. For example, the verb ''etorri'' 'come' has the basic stem ''-tor-'' from which are derived both the participle ''etorri'' (with the non-finite prefix ''e-'' and the participle suffix ''-i'') and the finite present stem ''-ator-'' and non-present stem ''-etor-''. The participle is generally obtained from the basic stem by prefixing ''e-'' or ''i-'' (there is no rule; if the stem begins with a vowel, ''j-'' is prefixed instead), and suffixing ''-i'' (to stems ending in a consonant) or ''-n'' (to stems ending in a vowel). Occasionally there is no suffix. The verbal noun stem, another non-finite form, is obtained by replacing the suffixes ''-i'' and ''-n'' (and also ''-tu'' or ''-du'', see below) of the participle by either ''-tze'' or ''-te''. A third non-finite form which we shall call the "short stem" is obtained from the participle by omitting any of these suffixes except ''-n'', which is retained in the short stem in those verbs whose participle has it. A larger number of Basque verbs have no finite forms, but their non-finite forms follow the same pattern described above (they show an ''e-/i-/j-'' prefix, and the participle ends in ''-i'', ''-n'' or occasionally zero. There is also another large group of verbs which again have only non-finite forms, in which the non-finite stem is unanalysable (as a verb, at least), thus there is no ''e-/i-/j-'' prefix. In most cases the participle of such verbs has the suffix ''-tu'' (''-du'' if the stem ends in ''n'' or ''l''). Occasionally we find zero or ''-i'' instead. This is replaced by ''-tze'' or ''-te'' in the verbal noun, and by nothing in the short stem. The stems of these ''secondary'' verbs may be (1) a nominal or other non-verbal stem (e.g. ''poz-tu, garbi-tu...''), (2) a phrase (e.g. ''ohera-tu''), (3) a Latin or Romance verbal stem (e.g. ''barka-tu, kanta-tu...'') or (4) an unanalysable (primary) verb stem (e.g. ''har-tu''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Basque verbs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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